ch7,14,19

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Thriving coral reefs require
a. cloudy water.
b. cool water.
c. dissolved oxygen and nutrients.
d. salinity that fluctuates with the tides.


____ 2. All of the following threaten the survival of coral reefs except
a. increased ultraviolet light from stratospheric ozone depletion.
b. eroded soil from deforestation and poor land management.
c. chemical pollution.
d. predation by sharks.


____ 3. In your explorations as a marine biologist, you find a new species of algae floating on the surface of a coastal zone. You would most likely classify this species as
a. phytoplankton.
b. zooplankton.
c. benthos.
d. nekton.


____ 4. In a sample from a mud flat, you observe cyanobacteria under the microscope. You are most likely to classify this organism as
a. phytoplankton.
b. zooplankton.
c. benthos.
d. nekton.


____ 5. Out on a fishing boat, a swordfish is caught. You would most likely classify this species as a member of the
a. phytoplankton.
b. zooplankton.
c. benthos.
d. nekton.


____ 6. All of the following organisms would be considered part of the benthos except
a. cod.
b. lobster.
c. oysters.
d. sand worms.


____ 7. An aquatic environment
a. concentrates toxic metabolic wastes.
b. increases fluctuations in temperature.
c. increases chances of overheating.
d. dissolves nutrients and makes them readily available.


____ 8. Populations of organisms living in aquatic life zones may be limited by
a. access to light.
b. nutrient availability.
c. dissolved oxygen.
d. all of these answers.


____ 9. Oxygen in the water varies widely because of
a. number of consumers and producers.
b. number of decomposers.
c. temperature.
d. all of these answers.


____ 10. Oceans cover about _____ of the earth's surface.
a. 50%
b. 60%
c. 70%
d. 80%


____ 11. The ocean zone that covers the continental shelf is the
a. estuary.
b. coastal zone.
c. littoral zone.
d. benthic zone.


____ 12. The open sea contains ____% of the surface area of the oceans and ____% of its plant and animal life.
a. 95; 5
b. 90; 10
c. 90; 25
d. 80; 25


____ 13. Which of the following choices is false? Oceans are important because they
a. regulate climates.
b. provide a source of many natural resources, such as minerals and fossil fuels.
c. are one of the most highly productive ecosystems in the world on a unit area basis.
d. participate in the biogeochemical cycles.


____ 14. The ecosystems with the world's highest net primary productivities per unit area are found in the
a. euphotic zone.
b. abyssal zone.
c. bathyal zone.
d. coastal zone.


____ 15. Estuaries exhibit
a. constant temperature and salinity.
b. constant temperature and variable salinity.
c. variable temperature and constant salinity.
d. variable temperature and salinity.


____ 16. Estuaries and coastal wetlands are important for all of the following reasons except
a. spawning and nursery grounds for marine fish and shellfish.
b. filtering out waterborne pollutants from swimming and wildlife areas.
c. breeding grounds for waterfowl.
d. providing coral for limestone production and the tourist trade.


____ 17. Which of the following trees is characteristic of tropical coastal wetlands?
a. cypress
b. coconut
c. mangrove
d. palm


____ 18. Which of the following ecosystems is least likely found in a temperate coastal wetland?
a. bay
b. salt flat
c. mud flat
d. mangrove swamp


____ 19. Mangrove swamps serve all of the following functions except
a. erosion protection for the coastline.
b. prevention of typhoon and hurricane damage.
c. entrapment of sediment washed off the land.
d. salt mining.


____ 20. Organisms of the intertidal zone
a. are constantly being swept away.
b. are exposed to constant salinity levels.
c. are exposed to both air and underwater conditions.
d. must avoid drowning at high tide.


____ 21. Cities established on barrier islands are subject to
a. beach erosion.
b. hurricanes.
c. flooding.
d. all of these answers.


____ 22. In terms of biodiversity, the tropical rain forest is to land environments as ____ is to water environments.
a. the abyssal zone
b. the bathyal zone
c. the euphotic zone
d. the coral reef


____ 23. Marine biologists have estimated that about _____% of the world's coral reefs have been destroyed by human activities.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20


____ 24. The least appropriate use of coastal wetlands is for
a. spawning and nursery grounds.
b. condominiums and disposal of landfill waste.
c. food production.
d. recreational diving.


____ 25. The best long-range strategy to reduce beach erosion is
a. building groins and seawalls.
b. preventing development on beach areas or allowing development only behind protective dunes.
c. importing sand.
d. extensive building on barrier beaches.


____ 26. Over half of the area of estuaries and coastal wetlands in the United States has been destroyed or damaged by
a. sewage runoff.
b. filling.
c. pesticide and heavy metal pollution.
d. all of these answers.


____ 27. The deepest part of the ocean is the
a. abyssal zone.
b. euphotic zone.
c. estuary zone.
d. bathyal zone.


____ 28. Most photosynthesis in the open sea occurs in the
a. euphotic zone.
b. abyssal zone.
c. bathyal zone.
d. coastal zone.


____ 29. Hydrothermal vents with chemosynthetic-based communities are characteristic of the
a. abyssal zone.
b. euphotic zone.
c. estuary zone.
d. bathyal zone.


____ 30. The twilight (dimly lit) zone of the sea is the
a. euphotic zone.
b. abyssal zone.
c. bathyal zone.
d. coastal zone.


____ 31. Depressions in the land that can be filled with water to form lakes may be formed by
a. glaciation.
b. earthquakes.
c. volcanic activity.
d. all of these answers.


____ 32. In lakes, large numbers of decomposers are found in the
a. limnetic zone.
b. benthic zone.
c. littoral zone.
d. profundal zone.


____ 33. In lakes, the nutrient-rich water near the shore is part of the
a. limnetic zone.
b. benthic zone.
c. littoral zone.
d. profundal zone.


____ 34. In lakes, the open-water surface layer is called the
a. limnetic zone.
b. benthic zone.
c. littoral zone.
d. profundal zone.


____ 35. Fish adapted to cool, dark water are found in the zone of lakes called the
a. limnetic zone.
b. benthic zone.
c. littoral zone.
d. profundal zone.


____ 36. Lakes that have few minerals and low productivity are referred to as
a. autotrophic.
b. eutrophic.
c. oligotrophic.
d. mesotrophic.


____ 37. A temperate lake is most likely to show thermal stratification and restriction on mixing of surface and deeper waters during the
a. winter.
b. spring.
c. summer.
d. fall.


____ 38. An ecologist would expect a temperate lake to demonstrate overturns in
a. spring and summer.
b. spring and fall.
c. spring and winter.
d. fall and summer.


____ 39. An ecologist would expect to find a thermocline in a temperate lake in
a. spring and summer.
b. spring and fall.
c. summer and winter.
d. fall and summer.


____ 40. Lake overturns bring
a. oxygen and nutrients to the surface.
b. oxygen and nutrients to the lake bottom.
c. oxygen to the surface and nutrients to the lake bottom.
d. oxygen to the lake bottom and nutrients to the surface.


____ 41. If you fish for trout, you would be most likely to seek out which part of a stream?
a. headwaters
b. middle elevations
c. mouth
d. all sections equally


____ 42. In which zone of a river would you most expect to find plants adapted to attach to rocks?
a. first
b. second
c. third
d. benthic


____ 43. In which zone of a river would an ecologist look for a deep meandering stream?
a. first
b. second
c. third
d. benthic


____ 44. Inland wetlands are valuable for
a. recharging groundwater supplies.
b. recreation.
c. biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.
d. all of these answers.


____ 45. Most of the wetlands that are lost are used for
a. mining.
b. urban development.
c. agriculture.
d. forestry.


____ 46. "Mitigation banking" refers to
a. the federal policy of zero net loss of wetlands.
b. creating or restoring as much wetlands as are destroyed.
c. the World Bank's support of wetlands protection policies.
d. debt-for-nature swaps.


____ 47. Life in both saltwater and freshwater ecosystems can be limited by
a. dissolved oxygen for respiration.
b. temperature.
c. access to sunlight for photosynthesis.
d. all of these answers.


____ 48. Which of the following illustrations does not match the accompanying ecological concept.
a. Coral reefs have high biodiversity.
b. Estuaries have high productivity.
c. Dissolved oxygen is a primary limiting factor in the upper layer of a stratified lake.
d. The open ocean is the least productive of aquatic life zones.


____ 49. There is potential for conflict over water resources among all of the following pairs of countries except
a. Sudan and Egypt.
b. Syria and Jordan.
c. Syria and Israel.
d. Turkey and Egypt.


____ 50. Which of the following is not a property of water?
a. liquid water changes temperature very quickly
b. water is an important solvent
c. water expands when it freezes
d. water can filter UV light


____ 51. Approximately ____% of Earth's water is fresh rather than salt water.
a. 3
b. 13
c. 23
d. 33


____ 52. Only about _____% of the world's total water supply exists as uncontaminated fresh water on or close to the surface and is readily available for human use.
a. 0.001
b. 0.014
c. 0.14
d. 1.4


____ 53. The hydrologic cycle will naturally purify and recycle fresh water as long as humans don't
a. pollute the water faster than it is replenished.
b. withdraw water from groundwater supplies faster than it is replenished.
c. overload it with slowly degradable and nondegradable wastes.
d. all of these answers.


____ 54. Porous water-saturated layers of underground rock are known as
a. aquifers.
b. recharge areas.
c. watersheds.
d. runoff areas.


____ 55. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Recharging of water is a slow process.
b. The water table moves down in dry weather.
c. Water in a confined aquifer is under pressure.
d. Groundwater is stationary and does not move.


____ 56. The global increase in water withdrawal since 1950 is due to all but which one of the following?
a. increased population
b. climatic variation
c. agriculture
d. industrialization


____ 57. Throughout the world, the most water is used for
a. irrigation.
b. industrial processes.
c. needs of animals and humans.
d. transportation.


____ 58. Which of the following uses tends to consume the smallest amount of water?
a. irrigation
b. public use
c. industry
d. energy production.


____ 59. Which of the following statements about fresh water in the United States is false?
a. The aquifer supplying Long Island is becoming severely contaminated.
b. Water tables in the western United States are dropping rapidly.
c. Many urban areas do not have enough water to meet their needs.
d. The western United States has worked out amiable water use among farmers and urban dwellers.


____ 60. The largest use of water in the western United States is
a. energy production.
b. cooling.
c. irrigation.
d. hosing down livestock pens.


____ 61. Major water problems of the western United States include
a. flooding.
b. insufficient water for some urban areas.
c. chronic drought and insufficient runoff.
d. pollution of rivers, lakes, and groundwater.


____ 62. Water can be scarce because of
a. water stress.
b. dry climate.
c. desiccation.
d. all of these answers.


____ 63. Water scarcity from drying up of the soil because of deforestation or overgrazing is called
a. water stress.
b. aridity.
c. drought.
d. desiccation.


____ 64. Water scarcity due to increasing numbers of people relying on fixed levels of runoff is called
a. water stress.
b. aridity.
c. drought.
d. desiccation.


____ 65. Water scarcity during a period when precipitation is lower than normal and evaporation is higher than normal is called
a. water stress.
b. aridity.
c. drought.
d. desiccation.


____ 66. Most of the world's rivers are
a. found in one country.
b. shared by two countries.
c. shared by three to five countries.
d. shared by six to ten countries.


____ 67. Large dams and reservoirs
a. reduce danger of flooding upstream.
b. are inexpensive to build.
c. cannot be used for outdoor recreation.
d. can be used to provide electric power.


____ 68. Dams
a. are relatively inexpensive to build.
b. destroy agricultural land and scenic areas.
c. facilitate migration of fish.
d. provide downstream areas with nutrients.


____ 69. China's Three Gorges project will
a. destroy two cities each with 100,000 people.
b. displace few people.
c. flood large areas of forest.
d. increase habitat for endangered pandas.


____ 70. Egypt's Aswan High Dam
a. does not generate electricity.
b. saved rice and cotton crops during two droughts in the 1970s.
c. increased fertility of downstream farmland by holding back choking sediments.
d. decreased the incidence salinization.


____ 71. The Colorado River provides all of the following except
a. 12 million kilowatts of electricity annually.
b. whitewater rafting recreational opportunities.
c. a sustainable water supply for an ever-increasing population.
d. irrigation for the vegetables grown in California's Imperial Valley.


____ 72. Which of the following has no legal rights to the Colorado River?
a. Mexico
b. Canada
c. Wyoming
d. Arizona


____ 73. Which of the following states started in 1997 taking its full share of water from the Colorado River, resulting in much higher water prices for downstream California?
a. Colorado
b. New Mexico
c. Arizona
d. Nevada


____ 74. Most water-transfer projects illustrate
a. the climate-biome principle.
b. the principle that you can't do just one thing.
c. the concept of ecological succession.
d. the principle of genetic variability.


____ 75. California's basic water problem stems from the fact that _____% of the population lives south of Sacramento, but _____% of the rain falls north of it.
a. 50; 50
b. 75; 75
c. 50; 75
d. 75; 50


____ 76. In California, the greatest user of water is
a. pollution dilution.
b. industry.
c. agriculture.
d. urban dwellers.


____ 77. Canada's James Bay Project to generate electricity involves
a. displacing thousands of indigenous Cree and Inuit.
b. flooding boreal forest and tundra equal in size to Washington State.
c. constructing 600 dams and dikes.
d. all of these answers.


____ 78. The volume of the world's fourth largest freshwater lake has been decreased by almost 75% to provide water for agriculture. This lake is located in
a. China.
b. Bangladesh.
c. the former Soviet Union.
d. Africa.


____ 79. Which of the following statements about the Aral Sea is false?
a. Water has been diverted from the Aral Sea and the two rivers that replenish its water primarily for use in manufacturing.
b. The volume of the Aral Sea has dropped by about 75%.
c. The salinity levels have risen threefold.
d. All native fish species have disappeared.


____ 80. All of the following would improve the Aral Sea ecological/economic situation except
a. charging farmers more for irrigation water.
b. introducing water-saving technologies.
c. shifting displaced fishermen to logging.
d. slowing the area's rapid population growth.


____ 81. In the United States, about ____ of all drinking water is pumped from aquifers.
a. 1/6
b. 1/4
c. 1/3
d. 1/2


____ 82. The term subsidence refers to
a. failure of the groundwater supply.
b. accumulation of silt behind a dam.
c. sinking of ground when water has been withdrawn.
d. intrusion of salt water into a freshwater aquifer.


____ 83. Overuse of groundwater can lead to
a. saltwater intrusion.
b. subsidence.
c. aquifer depletion.
d. all of these answers.


____ 84. Currently, groundwater in the United States is being withdrawn _____ its replacement rate.
a. at one-half
b. equal to
c. two times
d. four times


____ 85. The Ogallala Aquifer
a. has a fast recharge rate.
b. is being used eight times faster than it is being recharged.
c. will be completely depleted by 2020 if current withdrawal rates continue.
d. is a fairly small aquifer.


____ 86. The relationship between water demand and policies that subsidize water-thirsty crops exemplifies
a. a positive feedback loop.
b. a negative feedback loop.
c. a delay.
d. a synergistic interaction.


____ 87. Desalination may be accomplished by
a. distillation.
b. osmosis.
c. salt-eating bacteria.
d. filtration.


____ 88. Which of the following statements about desalination is true?
a. The common methods of desalination are reverse-osmosis and evaporation.
b. Desalination is expensive.
c. The greatest amount of desalination occurs in the United States.
d. Desalination is the best approach to solving irrigation problems.


____ 89. Which choice completes the sentence incorrectly? Cloud seeding
a. is most useful in very dry areas.
b. could change regional rainfall patterns.
c. could introduce large amounts of cloud-seeding chemicals into natural ecosystems.
d. is impeded by legal disputes.


____ 90. It is most economically and environmentally sound to focus water resource management on
a. increasing the water supply.
b. controlling the "mining" of groundwater.
c. increasing the efficiency of the way we use water.
d. developing desalination plants.


____ 91. Approaches to increasing the water supply can be outstripped by
a. increased industrialization.
b. soaring population.
c. increased food needs.
d. all of these answers.


____ 92. World Resources Institute estimates that _____ of the water people use throughout the world is wasted through evaporation, leaks, and other losses.
a. 25-30%
b. 45-50%
c. 65-70%
d. 75-80%


____ 93. Water is wasted because
a. the responsibility for water resource management of a single watershed is often divided among many state and local governments.
b. outdated laws encourage unnecessary water waste.
c. water prices are artificially low.
d. all of these answers.


____ 94. Water would be used more efficiently if
a. the price of water reflected its true cost.
b. laws governing access to and use of water resources were reformed.
c. water authorities were based on natural watershed boundaries.
d. all of these answers.


____ 95. Riparian rights
a. allow a person to use the groundwater on the land he or she owns.
b. is the basic philosophy behind water rights in the West.
c. allow a person who owns land adjoining a flowing stream to use the stream.
d. is the only method that can be used to apportion water rights.


____ 96. In the East, most water use is based on
a. prior appropriation.
b. private property rights.
c. common property rights.
d. riparian rights.


____ 97. In the West, most water use is based on
a. prior appropriation.
b. private property rights.
c. common property rights.
d. the rights of downstream dwellers.


____ 98. Most irrigation systems lose about half of their water to
a. runoff.
b. evaporation.
c. seepage.
d. all of these answers.


____ 99. Which of the following offers the greatest conservation of water?
a. center-pivot sprinkler systems
b. low-energy precision-application (LEPA) sprinkler systems
c. trickle or drip irrigation
d. gravity-flow canal systems


____ 100. Wasting water through irrigation could be reduced by
a. treating urban wastewater and using it for irrigation.
b. using organic farming techniques.
c. using computer-controlled systems that monitor soil moisture.
d. all of these answers.


____ 101. All of the following are available to improve water efficiency except
a. xeriscaping.
b. policies allowing use of gray water.
c. systems to purify and completely recycle wastewater from houses, apartments, or office buildings.
d. condensing water vapor from indoor air.


____ 102. People have often settled on floodplains because
a. the soil is fertile.
b. the flat surfaces are ideal for buildings and railroads.
c. they want access to water for irrigation and transportation.
d. all of these answers.


____ 103. The main human activity that increases flooding is
a. constructing dams.
b. directing stream flow.
c. destroying vegetation.
d. irrigation.


____ 104. Floods and droughts are
a. strictly natural disasters.
b. human-activated problems.
c. decreased by increases in human population.
d. independent of human activity.


____ 105. Humans increase the likelihood of flooding by
a. building on floodplains.
b. urbanization.
c. removing water-absorbing vegetation.
d. all of these answers.


____ 106. The monsoon season can
a. leach soil nutrients.
b. cause water to overflow its channels.
c. wash away topsoil and crops.
d. all of these answers.


____ 107. Which of the following conditions in the Himalayan watershed contribute(s) to flooding in Bangladesh?
a. rapid population growth
b. forest conservation
c. dam construction
d. sustainable farming practices


____ 108. Overpopulation and poverty force people to live on floodplains and deplete mangrove forests. Chances of flooding increase and the death toll rises. This case best exemplifies
a. an accumulation.
b. synergy.
c. a positive feedback loop.
d. a negative feedback loop.


____ 109. Stream channelization
a. increases the rate of water discharge.
b. decreases erosion.
c. is one form of irrigation.
d. is the process of building ditches along natural streams.


____ 110. Ecologically, the best way to approach flooding is
a. flood control dams.
b. artificial levees.
c. channelization.
d. floodplain management.


____ 111. Sustainable use of water involves
a. participatory decision making.
b. preservation of ecological integrity of water supply systems.
c. efficient use of water.
d. all of these answers.


____ 112. Sustainable use of water
a. requires integrated governance of water use, sewage treatment, and water pollution among all users of a watershed.
b. might be encouraged by water marketing.
c. is discouraged by government subsidies of water.
d. all of these answers.


____ 113. Of the following organisms, the group that is least likely to cause disease is
a. bacteria.
b. protozoa.
c. algae.
d. parasitic worms.


____ 114. A good indicator of water quality is the number of
a. ducks.
b. fish.
c. coliform bacteria.
d. snakes.


____ 115. For drinking water, the World Health Organization recommends a level of _____ coliform bacteria colonies per 100 milliliters of water sample.
a. 0
b. 5
c. 10
d. 100


____ 116. A body of water can be depleted of its oxygen by
a. viruses and parasitic worms.
b. organic wastes.
c. sediments and suspended matter.
d. organic compounds such as oil, plastics, solvents, and detergents.


____ 117. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Heat can lower dissolved oxygen and make fish vulnerable to disease.
b. Organic wastes reduce the amount of oxygen in the water supply.
c. Radioactive wastes and toxins can be concentrated by biological amplification.
d. Inorganic nutrients such as fertilizers have no adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems.


____ 118. Waste heat can
a. cause algae blooms.
b. deplete water of oxygen.
c. decrease water quality.
d. all of these answers.


____ 119. Nitrates and phosphates are examples of
a. disease-causing agents.
b. oxygen-demanding wastes.
c. organic plant nutrients.
d. inorganic plant nutrients.


____ 120. Acids, salts, and metals are examples of
a. oxygen-demanding wastes.
b. organic plant nutrients.
c. inorganic plant nutrients.
d. water-soluble inorganic chemicals.


____ 121. Heat, organic wastes, and inorganic plant nutrients may all deplete dissolved _____ from water.
a. nitrogen
b. oxygen
c. particulate matter
d. minerals


____ 122. One class of pollutants that can cause a population explosion of aerobic bacteria is
a. disease-causing agents.
b. oxygen-demanding wastes.
c. inorganic chemicals.
d. organic chemicals.


____ 123. One class of pollutants that can cause excessive growth of algae is
a. radioactive substances.
b. oxygen-demanding wastes.
c. inorganic plant nutrients.
d. organic chemicals.


____ 124. The greatest source of water pollution in terms of total mass is
a. fertilizers.
b. sediments.
c. oxygen-demanding wastes.
d. water-soluble inorganic chemicals.


____ 125. Which of the following decrease(s) photosynthesis in bodies of water?
a. disease-causing organisms
b. inorganic plant nutrients
c. sediment or suspended matter
d. heat


____ 126. Thermal pollution
a. raises the solubility of oxygen in water.
b. lowers the respiratory rates of aquatic organisms.
c. nurtures spawning fish.
d. can kill organisms adapted to a particular temperature range by thermal shock.


____ 127. Thermal water pollution can be reduced by all of the following methods except
a. discharging hot water into ponds, allowing cooling, and reusing the same water.
b. using cooling towers.
c. returning heated water away from the ecologically vulnerable shore zone.
d. using more electricity.


____ 128. Which of the following are a point source of water pollution?
a. offshore oil wells
b. livestock feedlots
c. urban lands
d. croplands


____ 129. Which of the following is a nonpoint source of water pollution?
a. sewage treatment plant
b. electric power plant
c. active and inactive coal mines
d. logged forest


____ 130. To determine the presence and concentration of water pollutants, scientists are least likely to use
a. chemical analysis of water samples.
b. satellite photographs.
c. analysis of indicator species.
d. computer models.


____ 131. Over half of the total mass of pollutants entering streams and lakes comes from
a. point pollution from sewage treatment plants.
b. point pollution from industrial plants.
c. non point pollution from roadside runoff and construction.
d. nonpoint pollution from agriculture.


____ 132. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Because of their flow, most streams recover rapidly from pollution by heat and biodegradable waste.
b. In rapidly flowing rivers, dissolved oxygen is replaced quickly.
c. The amount of oxygen in rivers declines in dry seasons.
d. The amount of oxygen in rivers increases as the water's temperature rises.


____ 133. Oxygen sag curves
a. may occur during spring floods.
b. occur when oxygen-demanding wastes are added to the water.
c. develop in fast-flowing rivers.
d. may occur upstream from a sewage treatment plant.


____ 134. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Requiring cities to withdraw water downstream of the city would reduce pollution.
b. Slow-flowing rivers are less susceptible to pollutants than fast-flowing streams.
c. The width and depth of the oxygen sag curve is dependent on water volume and flow rate.
d. Streams can recover from degradable pollutants as long as they are not overloaded.


____ 135. The water pollution and control laws enacted in the 1970s have done all but which one of the following?
a. reduced or eliminated point-source pollution on rivers
b. increased the number and quality of wastewater treatment plants
c. held the line against disease-causing agents and oxygen-demanding wastes
d. forced municipalities to take their water supply from the downstream side of the city


____ 136. In most developed countries, large fish kills and contamination of drinking water are caused by
a. malfunctioning sewage treatment plants.
b. accidental release of toxic industrial chemicals.
c. deliberate release of toxic industrial chemicals.
d. all of these answers.


____ 137. Which of the following statements about lakes is true?
a. Stratified layers of lakes are characterized by vertical mixing.
b. Stratification increases levels of dissolved oxygen, especially in the bottom layer.
c. Lakes are more vulnerable than streams to contamination by plant nutrients, oil, pesticides, and toxic substances that can destroy bottom life.
d. Lakes have more flushing than streams.


____ 138. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Rivers are more vulnerable than lakes to contamination by plant nutrients, oil, toxins, and pesticides.
b. Acid deposition and fallout represent a more serious hazard to lakes than rivers.
c. Eutrophication is a natural process and can occur without the influence of humans.
d. Human activities can accelerate the eutrophication process.


____ 139. Which of the following stages of cultural eutrophication occurs last?
a. fish kills
b. blooms of algae
c. increase in aerobic bacteria
d. increase in anaerobic bacteria


____ 140. In cultural eutrophication, game fish die from
a. acid deposition.
b. suffocation from lack of oxygen.
c. toxic substances in the water.
d. salt.


____ 141. Which of the following is not an input control over cultural eutrophication?
a. banning the use of phosphate detergents
b. preventing the runoff of fertilizer from agricultural fields
c. advanced waste treatment
d. harvesting excess weeds


____ 142. All of the following are cleanup methods of controlling cultural eutrophication except
a. using advanced waste treatment.
b. treating plant growth with herbicides.
c. harvesting excess weeds.
d. pumping air through reservoirs to avoid oxygen depletion.


____ 143. About ____ of the 100,000 medium to large lakes in the United States suffer from some degree of cultural eutrophication.
a. one-fifth
b. one-fourth
c. one-third
d. one-half


____ 144. Which of the following would not reduce cultural eutrophication?
a. Dredge lake bottoms.
b. Pump oxygen into lakes.
c. Institute land-use control to prevent nutrient runoff.
d. Prevent as much outflow or drainage as possible from the lake.


____ 145. The common limiting factor in freshwater lakes most often emphasized in pollution prevention approaches is
a. nitrogen.
b. phosphorous.
c. calcium.
d. sulfur.


____ 146. The Pfiesteria piscida microbe can transform from algae eaters to fish-killing dinoflagellates when
a. the water is calm.
b. there is a plentiful supply of nitrogen.
c. there is a plentiful supply of phosphorous.
d. all of these answers conditions are met.


____ 147. The Great Lakes possess ____% of all the surface fresh water in the United States.
a. 35
b. 55
c. 75
d. 95


____ 148. Less than ____% of the water entering the Great Lakes leaves the St. Lawrence River.
a. 1
b. 8
c. 16
d. 32


____ 149. Since 1972, the massive pollution control program for the Great Lakes has reduced
a. the coliform level.
b. the dissolved oxygen level.
c. the amount of fishing (sport and commercial).
d. swimming.


____ 150. All of the following contributed to improvements in Great Lakes water quality except
a. banning phosphate detergents.
b. banning nitrate detergents.
c. banning dumping of household cleaners.
d. upgrading sewage treatment plants.


____ 151. One fish in _____ taken from the Great Lakes is unsafe for human consumption.
a. ten
b. seven
c. five
d. four


____ 152. Which one of the Great Lakes first showed intense effects of water pollution?
a. Superior
b. Huron
c. Erie
d. Ontario


____ 153. Experts rate groundwater pollution as a
a. high-risk ecological and health problem.
b. medium-risk ecological and health problem.
c. a high-risk ecological but low-risk health problem.
d. a low-risk ecological but high-risk health problem.


____ 154. Crude estimates indicate that up to _____ of usable groundwater in the United States is contaminated.
a. 1/10
b. 1/5
c. 1/4
d. 1/3


____ 155. Sources of groundwater contamination include
a. deep wells used to dispose of liquid hazardous wastes.
b. abandoned hazardous waste dumps.
c. industrial and livestock waste storage lagoons.
d. all of these answers.


____ 156. The only effective way to protect groundwater is to
a. prevent contamination.
b. use monitoring wells.
c. cover all wells carefully.
d. treat all water from underground sources.


____ 157. Groundwater can be protected least by
a. banning disposal of hazardous wastes in sanitary landfills and deep-injection wells.
b. monitoring aquifers near landfills and underground tanks.
c. using advanced sewage treatment.
d. requiring liability insurance for old and new underground tanks.


____ 158. Which of the following aquatic ecosystems is most capable of diluting, dispersing, and degrading large amounts of sewage, sludge, and oil?
a. estuary
b. swiftly flowing stream
c. deep-water ocean
d. coastal parts of the ocean


____ 159. _____ of the world's population lives on or within one hundred and sixty miles of the coast.
a. 20%
b. 30%
c. 40%
d. 50%


____ 160. The largest estuary in the United States is
a. Mobile Bay.
b. Chesapeake Bay.
c. San Francisco Bay.
d. Lake Ponchartrain.


____ 161. Chesapeake Bay has been quite vulnerable to pollution because it is
a. shallow and flushes 0.1% of the pollutants that enter it.
b. shallow and flushes 1% of the pollutants that enter it.
c. shallow and flushes 10% of the pollutants that enter it.
d. deep and flushes 0.1% of the pollutants that enter it.


____ 162. In Chesapeake Bay, 60% by weight of phosphates come from _________ and 60% by weight of nitrates come from ________.
a. point sources; nonpoint sources
b. point sources; nitrate rocks
c. nonpoint sources; point sources
d. phosphate rocks; nonpoint sources


____ 163. Air pollutants account for about _____ of the nitrogen entering Chesapeake Bay.
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 30%
d. 40%


____ 164. All of the following methods are likely to aid restoration of Chesapeake Bay's oyster population except
a. trying to find a reef-building substitute to hasten reef reconstruction.
b. developing disease-resistant oyster stocks.
c. seeding protected oyster beds with large, older oysters.
d. developing new recipes for oyster stew to enhance public appreciation of oysters.


____ 165. Ocean dumping bans are in effect for all the following substances except
a. industrial waste.
b. sewage sludge.
c. dredge spoils.
d. radioactive waste.


____ 166. Of the following organisms, the ones least likely to be affected by ocean debris are
a. seals.
b. whales.
c. zooplankton.
d. sea turtles.


____ 167. Under the London Dumping Convention of 1972, 100 countries agreed not to dump
a. highly toxic pollutants and high-level radioactive wastes in the open sea beyond boundaries of national jurisdiction.
b. highly toxic pollutants and high-level radioactive wastes in sanitary landfills.
c. highly toxic pollutants and high-level radioactive wastes into space via missiles.
d. garbage and low-level radioactive waste in the open sea beyond boundaries of national jurisdiction.


____ 168. Of the following sources of oil in the environment, the one which contributes least is
a. tanker accidents and blowouts at offshore drilling rigs.
b. washing tankers and releasing the oily water.
c. normal operation of offshore wells.
d. pipeline leaks.


____ 169. The majority of the oil pollution of the ocean comes from
a. blowouts (rupture of a borehole of an oil rig in the ocean).
b. tanker accidents.
c. environmental terrorism.
d. runoff from land.


____ 170. The effects of an oil spill depend on the
a. time of year.
b. type of oil (crude or refined).
c. distance of release from shore.
d. all of these answers.


____ 171. The most common problem encountered by seabirds coated with oil is
a. immediate death.
b. vulnerability to predators.
c. loss of buoyancy and insulation, causing deaths from exposure.
d. poisoning by taking in the oil internally.


____ 172. Of the following organisms, the ones least likely to be killed by heavy oil components are
a. oysters.
b. marine birds.
c. crabs.
d. clams.


____ 173. Which of the following is false?
a. Oil evaporates and undergoes decomposition.
b. The environment recovers more slowly from crude oil spills than from refined oil spills.
c. Recovery from oil spills is faster in warm water than in cold water.
d. Estuaries and salt marshes suffer the most damage from oil pollution and cannot be effectively cleaned up.


____ 174. The oil company responsible for the oil spill of the Valdez was
a. Alaska.
b. Gulf.
c. Exxon.
d. Sunoco.


____ 175. One chemical method for cleaning up oil spills is
a. absorbent pads.
b. coagulating agents.
c. floating booms.
d. vacuuming skimmer boats.


____ 176. Coastal waters can be protected from excess water pollution by
a. eliminating discharge of toxic pollutants.
b. promoting water conservation in homes and industries.
c. regulating types and density of coastal development.
d. all of these answers.


____ 177. Water pollution from oil can be prevented by
a. instituting a national energy policy based on decreased reliance on fossil fuels.
b. prohibiting oil drilling in ecologically sensitive areas.
c. requiring double hulls on oil tankers.
d. all of these answers.


____ 178. The leading nonpoint source of water pollution is
a. municipal landfills.
b. runoff from city streets and storm sewers.
c. agriculture.
d. industrial wastes.


____ 179. Farmers can sharply reduce fertilizer runoff by
a. using prescribed amounts of fertilizer.
b. planting nitrogen-fixing plants.
c. planting buffer zones between cultivated fields and surface water.
d. all of these answers.


____ 180. Farmers can reduce pesticide runoff by
a. applying pesticides only when needed.
b. using biological methods of pest control.
c. using integrated pest management.
d. all of these answers.


____ 181. Livestock growers can control runoff of animal wastes from feedlots and barnyards by
a. increasing animal density.
b. diverting runoff of animal wastes into detention basins.
c. removing buffers between stockyards and surface water.
d. locating feedlots on gently sloping land so rainwater will naturally clean off the stockyards.


____ 182. Reforestation
a. reduces soil erosion and pollution from sediment.
b. increases the severity of flooding.
c. helps accelerate projected global warming.
d. decreases biodiversity.


____ 183. The Clean Water Act and Water Quality Act attempt to maintain the _____ integrity of U.S. waters.
a. biological
b. chemical
c. physical
d. all of these answers


____ 184. In 1995, using the strategy of controlling the air pollutant sulfur dioxide as a model, the EPA proposed to reduce water pollution through
a. more regulations.
b. educating the public to prevent water pollution.
c. changing American lifestyles.
d. a discharges trading policy.


____ 185. About _____ of U.S. lakes were tested unsafe for fishing, swimming, and other recreational uses.
a. 24%
b. 44%
c. 64%
d. 74%


____ 186. The Clean Water Act could be strengthened by all of the following strategies except
a. prevention and control of toxic water pollution.
b. more funding for integrated airshed and watershed planning.
c. allowing citizens to bring lawsuits to ensure that water pollution laws are enforced.
d. establishing national effluent standards.


____ 187. Twelve hundred U.S. cities
a. use septic tanks.
b. have separate stormwater and sewer lines.
c. have combined stormwater and sewer lines.
d. use wastewater lagoons.


____ 188. Which of the following types of sewage treatment is properly matched?
a. primary-biological process
b. secondary-mechanical process
c. advanced-physical and chemical processes
d. secondary-chemical process


____ 189. Which of the following substances are removed to the greatest extent by combined primary and secondary wastewater treatment?
a. organic pesticides
b. organic oxygen-demanding wastes
c. toxic metals and synthetic organic chemicals
d. radioactive isotopes


____ 190. Of the following, the most ecologically responsible way to dispose of sewage sludge is
a. incineration.
b. dumping into the deep trenches of the ocean.
c. conventional landfills.
d. treating with heat to kill harmful bacteria, removal of toxic metals, and using as fertilizer.


____ 191. Areas that depend on surface water for their drinking supply generally do all of the following except
a. run water through sand filters.
b. allow suspended matter to settle out and dissolved oxygen to increase in a reservoir.
c. treat with ozone and fluoride to kill bacteria.
d. purify with activated charcoal in a filtering strategy.


____ 192. A change in the U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act that is least likely to be recommended by an environmentalist is
a. banning all lead in new plumbing pipes, faucets, and fixtures.
b. increased reliance on voluntary compliance to drinking water standards.
c. strengthening public notification requirements of drinking water violations.
d. reducing testing and administrative costs and improving treatment by combining smaller water systems into larger ones.


____ 193. To further sustainable use of water supplies, environmentalists are least likely to call for
a. reduction of pollution sources.
b. reuse of wastewater.
c. decentralization of control of water supply and quality.
d. moving from pollution treatment to pollution prevention.