LATE MIDDLE AGES	16th and 17th CENTURIES	18th CENTURY	19TH CENTURY
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY: Nuclear family Divorce nonexistent Marriages arranged for economic reasons. Prostitution in urban areas Ave. age for men: mid-late 20s Avg. age for women: less than 20 years old. Church encouraged cult of paternal care. Many couples did not observe church regulations on marriage. Manners shaped men to please women. Relative sexual equality	MARRIAGE AND FAMILY: Nuclear family Divorce available in certain cases More prostitution Marriages still based on economics but increasingly more romantic. Average age for marriage: 27 for men; 25 for women. Increased infanticide. Low rate of illegitimate births. Dramatic population growth until 1650; growth slows until 1750.	MARRIAGE AND FAMILY: Nuclear family Growth of Cottage Industry. Marriages based more on romance. Average age for marriage: late 20s or later; takes longer for couple to be ready economically for marriage. Many women don’t marry; "spinsters" Illegitimate birth explosion:1750-1850 Increase in infanticide. Foundling hospitals created Young people increasingly worked away from home in the city. "Spare the rod, spoil the child." Rise of humanitarianism (influenced by Enlightenment.	MARRIAGE AND FAMILY: Ideal of romantic love now most important reason Fewer children per family; more love towards children Middle class more apt to consider economic reasons Many men married late Women closely monitored Sexual double standard Rate of illegitimacy declined after 1850 in working classes Prostitution sought by middle & upper middle class men Freud: early childhood vital Lower class kids less dependent on parents financially than middle class kids
STATUS OF WOMEN: Status of upper-class women better than in next two centuries.	STATUS OF WOMEN: Status of upper-class women declines in Renaissance. Most women not affected by Renaissance. Educated women allowed involvement but subservient to men. Sexual double standard Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man (Castaglione) Rape not considered serious crime. Protestant Reformation: women’s occupation is in the home. Catholic orders for women grew.	STATUS OF WOMEN: Protestant women still expected to manage the home. Upper-class Catholic women had self-development options in religious orders.	STATUS OF WOMEN: After 1850, increasingly separate spheres: men worked in factories; women stayed at home. By late-19th century, women worked outside the home only in poor families Middle class women began working to organize and expand their rights
EDUCATION:	EDUCATION: Mostly for upper-classes	EDUCATION: Protestantism spurred increased education for boys and girls. Humanitarianism of Enlightenment led to improved education	EDUCATION: Increase among middle class
RELIGION: Dominated by Catholic Church Reform movements: Wyclif and Hus. Some persecution of witches	RELIGION: Protestant Reformation Catholic Counter Reformation Religious wars "New Monarchs" and Absolute Monarchs take control of national churches. Major persecution of alleged witches.	RELIGION: Protestant "Pietism" in Germany. Rise of Methodism Catholic piety remains. Decrease in witch hunts	RELIGION: Rerum Novarum Syllabus of Errors Kulturkampf Increased emphasis on morality among middle class Decline among urban working classes.
NUTRITION AND HEALTH Poor harvests created malnutrition. Black Plague resulted in loss of 1/3 of population.	NUTRITION and HEALTH: Poor life expectancy (about 25 years) Price Revolution = less food consumption due to higher prices (until about 1650). Bread is staple food for poor classes. Upper-classes eat large quantities of meat. Smallpox and famines still ravaged parts of Europe.	NUTRITION and HEALTH Improved diet: more vegetables (esp. potato). Increased life expectancy from 25 years to 35 years. Major advances in control of plague and disease (esp. Small Pox—Edward Jenner) William Harvey: Circulation of Blood Development of public health Hospital reform Reform for mental health institutions	NUTRITION and HEALTH Public Health Movement: Bentham & Chadwick Bacterial Revolution: Pasteur-"germ theory" Antiseptic (Lister) Increased life expetancy Significant decline in infant mortality after 1890 Poor living conditions in cities
SOCIAL STRUCTURE: Feudalism dominated most of Europe.	SOCIAL STRUCTURE: Population growth began in 16th century until about 1650. Cities grew faster than rural areas. Two major hierarchies existed: Countryside: landlords, peasants, landless laborers Urban: merchants, artisans, laborers Clergy, lawyers, teachers, & civil servants fit awkwardly in both hierarchies. Advancement up the hierarchy possible through education. Enclosure movement Putting out system Serfdom in eastern Europe	SOCIAL STRUCTURE: Cottage Industry in rural areas. Growth of cities. Serfdom in eastern Europe.	SOCIAL STRUCTURE: Increased standard of living for average person; higher wages Society more diverse and less unified Middle Class Upper Middle Class: Banking; industry; large-scale commerce Diversified middle class groups Moderately successful industrialists, merchants, professionals (doctors, lawyers) Lower Middle Class: Shopkeepers, small traders Lower Class: (80% of population) Highly skilled: Foremen; highly skilled handicraft trades Semi skilled: Craftspeople Low skilled: day laborers; domestic servants
SLAVERY: Few Africans lived in Europe.	SLAVERY: African slavery introduced. Dramatic increase in slave trade in New World.	SLAVERY Still exists in Portuguese, Spanish and British empires.	SLAVERY: Ends in Latin America as Spanish and Portuguese leaders are overthrown and Latin American countries become independent. Britain ends slavery in 1833 France ends slavery in 1848 Remains in U.S. until 1865