The European Situation 1000 AD - 1450
Social conditions
1000 - 1100
Serfdom starts to end
increase in social mobility
rise of the urban bourgeoisie (burgers, burgesses)
1100 - 1200
Waldensian heresy
more stone castles built
towns gained more liberties
Christian bankers began to rival Jewish ones
Guilds were preeminent within towns
1200 - 1300
Towns began to challenge nobles' power
some nobles take positions in government or become entrepreneurs
clergy loses some status
townsmen gain status and soem administrative offices
mobility increases for peasants
1300 - 1400
gap in living standards between nobles and peasants widens
introduction of firearms allows armies to hire peasants as mercenaries
Economic Conditions
1000 - 1100
Towns increase in number and importance
Agricultural production increases
1200 - 1300
Italian city-states are preeminent
1300 - 1400
corporations formed
Hanseatic League dominates northern Europe
Political Conditions
1000 - 1100
Battle of Hastings (1066)
William of Normandy
centralization of feudalism under the king
Incident at Canossa (1077)
Pope Gregory VII vs Henry IV
Investiture controversy
First Crusade (1096-99)
1100 - 1200
Concordat of Worms (1122)
Rise of the Hohenstauffens in the Empire
Frederick I (Barbarossa)
Henry VI
Frederick II
France
Louis VII lost territory to England
Philip II (Augustus) won back territory from England
England
Henry I
established a royal treasury (Exchequer)
Henry II
allowed monetary payments to replace feudal obligations
created a jury system
common law stressed
asserted royal power over the Church (Constitutions of Clarendon)
1200-1300
Church
Innocent III (strongest of the Medieval Popes)
secularized Church administration
4th Lateran Council
started a crusade against the Albigensians
Inquisition began
called for the Fourth Crusade
St Francis of Assisi started the Franciscans
St. Dominic started the Dominicans
The Empire
open hostility between Frederick II and the Church
1268 - Hohenstauffen line died out
decentralization became the rule
France
Philip Augustus
centralized monarchical control
created baliffs
Louis IX (St. Louis)
parlements created
England
John I
forced to sign Magna Carta
1300 - 1400
Church
Babylonian Captivity
Boniface VIII issues Unam Sanctum
the Empire
Hapsburgs come to power
Golden Bull creates 7 electors
France
Philip II and Philip IV continue to gain territory
Estates General comes into being
Hundred Years War - France and England (1337-1453)
England
Parliament become established
Culture
1000 AD - 1100
Romanesque architecture
1100 - 1200
rise of universities (Bologna, Paris, Oxford)
scholasticism developed
Canon law codified
Peter Abelard
publicized contradictions found in theology
wrote Sic et Non
Epic Stories written
Nibelungenlied
Song of Roland
Gothic architecture emerged
1200 - 1300
Mysticism gains strength
Gothic architecture dominates Europe
1300 - 1400
new, individualistc styles of painting were developed
Giotto
Dante writes in the vernacular